Initial (primary) infection with Mycobacterium. tuberculosis in an immunocompetent individual usually occurs in an upper region of the lung producing a sub-pleural lesion called a Ghon focus. Granulomatous involvement of peribronchial and/or hilar lymph nodes is frequent in primary tuberculosis due to lymphangitic spread from the Ghon focus. The early Ghon focus together with the lymph node lesion constitute the Ghon complex. These lesions undergo healing and over time usually evolve to fibrocalcific nodules. The combination of late fibrocalcific lesions of the lung and lymph node which evolved from the Ghon complex is referred to as the Ranke complex.