Dard dilleri

Dard dilleri
Dard dilleri
Coğrafi dağılım	Kuzey Pakistan (Gilgit-Baltistan, kuzey Hayber Pahtunhva, Azad Keşmir); Kuzeybatı Hindistan (Cemmu ve Kashmir, Ladah); Kuzeydoğu Afganistan (Kapisa, Kuner, Lagman, Nengrehar, Nuristan)
Sınıflandırma	Default Dard dilleri;
Glottolog	dard1244 (Doğu Dard)
	Georg Morgenstierne tarafından çizilen Dard dilleri haritası.; (Not: Kamkata-vari (Kati), Kalasha-ala (Waigali) gibi Nuristani dilleri artık ayrı bir kategori olarak ele alınmaktadır.)

Dard dilleri (aynı zamanda Dardik dilleri, Dardu veya Pisaca),^[2] veya Hindukuş Hint-Aryan dilleri,^[3]^[4]^[5]^[6] Kuzey Pakistan, kuzeybatı Hindistan ve kuzeydoğu Afganistan'ın bazı bölgelerinde konuşulan çeşitli Hint-Aryan dillerinden oluşan bir gruptur.^[7] Bu bölgeye bazen Dardistan da denmektedir.^[8]

Kaynakça

^ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, (Ed.) (2017). "(Doğu Dard)". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
^ "Dardic languages". Encyclopædia Britannica.
^ Liljegren, Henrik (1 Mart 2017). "Profiling Indo-Aryan in the Hindukush-Karakoram: A preliminary study of micro-typological patterns". Journal of South Asian Languages and Linguistics (İngilizce). 4 (1): 107-156. doi:10.1515/jsall-2017-0004. ISSN 2196-078X. On the one hand, it is obvious that these languages form a continuum together with the main Indo-Aryan languages of the northwestern Subcontinent, with a gradually increased clustering of more prototypical Hindukush-Karakoram features toward the central – but in relation to the rest of Indo-Aryan more peripheral – parts of this region. On the other hand, these languages also show a high degree of diversity, with individual languages taking part in various subareal configurations or transit zones that are represented in the region, further complicating any attempts at defining them collectively in more exact, or exclusive, areal terms. We must therefore bear in mind that any collective reference to these languages, be it Hindukush Indo-Aryan or any other term, will have to be interpreted as a highly gradient notion, acknowledging the apparent lack of any complete list of innovations, let alone retentions, that would cover more than a subset of them.
^ Garbo, Francesca Di; Olsson, Bruno; Wälchli, Bernhard (2019). Grammatical gender and linguistic complexity II: World-wide comparative studies (İngilizce). Language Science Press. s. 8. ISBN 978-3-96110-180-1.
^ Saxena, Anju (12 Mayıs 2011). Himalayan Languages: Past and Present (İngilizce). Walter de Gruyter. s. 35. ISBN 978-3-11-089887-3.
^ Liljegren, Henrik (26 Şubat 2016). A grammar of Palula (İngilizce). Language Science Press. ss. 13-14. ISBN 978-3-946234-31-9.
^ Strand, Richard F. (13 Aralık 2013). "Dardic and Nūristānī languages". Fleet, Kate (Ed.). Encyclopaedia of Islam - Three 2013-4 (İngilizce). Brill. ss. 101-103. ISBN 978-90-04-25269-1. The seventeen Dardic languages constitute a geographic group of the northwestern-most Indo-Aryan languages. They fall into several small phylogenetic groups of Indo-Aryan, but together they show no common phonological innovations that demonstrate that they share any phylogenetic unity as a "Dardic branch" of the Indo-Aryan languages.
^ Kellens, Jean. "DARDESTĀN". Encyclopaedia Iranica. 5 December 2017 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 6 April 2022.

[Glottolog-1] Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, (Ed.) (2017). "(Doğu Dard)". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.

[2] "Dardic languages". Encyclopædia Britannica.

[3] Liljegren, Henrik (1 Mart 2017). "Profiling Indo-Aryan in the Hindukush-Karakoram: A preliminary study of micro-typological patterns". Journal of South Asian Languages and Linguistics (İngilizce). 4 (1): 107-156. doi:10.1515/jsall-2017-0004. ISSN 2196-078X. On the one hand, it is obvious that these languages form a continuum together with the main Indo-Aryan languages of the northwestern Subcontinent, with a gradually increased clustering of more prototypical Hindukush-Karakoram features toward the central – but in relation to the rest of Indo-Aryan more peripheral – parts of this region. On the other hand, these languages also show a high degree of diversity, with individual languages taking part in various subareal configurations or transit zones that are represented in the region, further complicating any attempts at defining them collectively in more exact, or exclusive, areal terms. We must therefore bear in mind that any collective reference to these languages, be it Hindukush Indo-Aryan or any other term, will have to be interpreted as a highly gradient notion, acknowledging the apparent lack of any complete list of innovations, let alone retentions, that would cover more than a subset of them.

[4] Garbo, Francesca Di; Olsson, Bruno; Wälchli, Bernhard (2019). Grammatical gender and linguistic complexity II: World-wide comparative studies (İngilizce). Language Science Press. s. 8. ISBN 978-3-96110-180-1.

[5] Saxena, Anju (12 Mayıs 2011). Himalayan Languages: Past and Present (İngilizce). Walter de Gruyter. s. 35. ISBN 978-3-11-089887-3.

[6] Liljegren, Henrik (26 Şubat 2016). A grammar of Palula (İngilizce). Language Science Press. ss. 13-14. ISBN 978-3-946234-31-9.

[:7-7] Strand, Richard F. (13 Aralık 2013). "Dardic and Nūristānī languages". Fleet, Kate (Ed.). Encyclopaedia of Islam - Three 2013-4 (İngilizce). Brill. ss. 101-103. ISBN 978-90-04-25269-1. The seventeen Dardic languages constitute a geographic group of the northwestern-most Indo-Aryan languages. They fall into several small phylogenetic groups of Indo-Aryan, but together they show no common phonological innovations that demonstrate that they share any phylogenetic unity as a "Dardic branch" of the Indo-Aryan languages.

[8] Kellens, Jean. "DARDESTĀN". Encyclopaedia Iranica. 5 December 2017 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 6 April 2022.

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