Khoekhoe

Khoikhoi (veya Namibya yazımında Khoekhoe), Güney Afrika'nın geleneksel olarak göçebe çobanlık yapan yerli halkıdırlar. Genellikle avcı-toplayıcı San (kelimenin tam anlamıyla "avcılar") halkıyla gruplandırılırlar ve iki halk için kabul ɡören terim Khoisan'dır.^[1] "Khoikhoi" adı aslında etnik bir isim değil, bir övgü veya hitap şeklidir, ancak literatürde Güney Afrika'nın Khoe dilini konuşan halkları, özellikle Inqua, Griqua, Gonaqua, Nama, Attequa gibi çobanlık yapan gruplar için etnik bir terim olarak kullanılmıştır. Khoekhoe halkı bir zamanlar Hottentot ismiyle biliniyordu ve bu terim ɡünümüzde hakaret olarak kabul edilmektedir.^[2]

Khoekhoe halkının diğer insanlardan 100.000 ila 200.000 yıl önce ayrıldığı düşünülmektedir.^[3]^[4] 17. yüzyılda Khoekhoe halkı, Cape bölgesinde büyük Nguni sığır sürüleri besliyordu. 19. ve 20. yüzyıllarda çoğunlukla göçebe hayvancılıktan vazgeçtiler.^[5]

Khoekhoe dili, Kalahari'deki avcı-toplayıcı San halklarının konuştuğu Khwe ve Tshwa gibi bazı lehçelerle ilişkilidir ve Khoe dil ailesini oluşturur.

Kaynakça

^ "The old Dutch also did not know that their so-called Hottentots formed only one branch of a wide-spread race, of which the other branch divided into ever so many tribes, differing from each other totally in language [...] While the so-called Hottentots called themselves Khoikhoi (men of men, i.e. men par excellence), they called those other tribes Sā, the Sonqua of the Cape Records [...] We should apply the term Hottentot to the whole race, and call the two families, each by the native name, that is the one, the Khoikhoi, the so-called Hottentot proper; the other the Sān (Sā) or Bushmen." Theophilus Hahn, Tsuni-||Goam: The Supreme Being to the Khoi-Khoi (1881), p. 3.
^ "Hottentot, n. and adj." OED Online, Oxford University Press, March 2018, www.oed.com/view/Entry/88829. Accessed 13 May 2018. Citing G. S. Nienaber, 'The origin of the name "Hottentot" ', African Studies, 22:2 (1963), 65–90, DOI:10.1080/00020186308707174. See also Johannes Du Plessis (1917). "Report of the South African Association for the Advancement of Science". ss. 189-193. Erişim tarihi: 5 Temmuz 2010. . Strobel, Christoph (2008). "A Note on Terminology". The Testing Grounds of Modern Empire: The Making of Colonial Racial Order in the American Ohio Country and the South African Eastern Cape, 1770s–1850s. Peter Lang. ISBN 978-1-4331-0123-6. Desmond, Adrian; Moore, James (2014). "Living in Slave Countries". Darwin's Sacred Cause: How a Hatred of Slavery Shaped Darwin's Views on Human Evolution. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. s. 103. ISBN 978-0-547-52775-8. Jeremy I. Levitt, (Ed.) (2015). "Female "things" in international law". Black Women and International Law. Cambridge University Press. s. 291. ISBN 978-1-107-02130-3. "Bring Back the 'Hottentot Venus'". Web.mit.edu. 15 Haziran 1995. 16 Aralık 2020 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 13 Ağustos 2012. "Hottentot". American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language. Fifth. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. 2011. "'Hottentot Venus' goes home". BBC News. 29 Nisan 2002. Erişim tarihi: 13 Ağustos 2017.
^ Pargeter, Justin; Mackay, Alex; Mitchell, Peter; Shea, John; Stewart, Brian (2016). "Primordialism and the 'Pleistocene San' of southern Africa". Antiquity. 90 (352).
^ Al-Hindi, Dana R.; Reynolds, Austin W.; Henn, Brenna M. (2022), Grine, Frederick E. (Ed.), "Genetic Divergence Within Southern Africa During the Later Stone Age", Hofmeyr: A Late Pleistocene Human Skull from South Africa (İngilizce), Cham: Springer International Publishing, ss. 19-28, doi:10.1007/978-3-031-07426-4_3, ISBN 978-3-031-07426-42 Ocak 2025
^ Richards, John F. (2003). "8: Wildlife and Livestock in South Africa". The Unending Frontier: An Environmental History of the Early Modern World. California World History Library. 1. Berkeley, California: University of California Press. s. 296. ISBN 978-0-520-93935-6. Erişim tarihi: 17 Kasım 2016. The nomadic pastoral Khoikhoi kraals were dispersed and their organization and culture broken. However, their successors, the trekboers and their Khoikhoi servants, managed flocks and herds similar to those of the Khoikhois. The trekboers had adapted to African-style, extensive pastoralism in this region. In order to obtain optimal pasture for their animals, early settlers imitated the Khoikhoi seasonal transhumance movements and those observed in the larger wild herbivores.

Dış bağlantılar

Wikimedia Commons'ta Khoekhoe ile ilgili ortam dosyaları mevcuttur.

Güney Afrika'da Kültürel Temas Anne Good tarafından Women in World History web sitesi için yazılmıştır.
Khoikhoi halkının tarihine dair bir makale.
Güney Afrika Tarihi Çevrimiçi Platformunda Khoisan Kimliği

[Hahn-1] "The old Dutch also did not know that their so-called Hottentots formed only one branch of a wide-spread race, of which the other branch divided into ever so many tribes, differing from each other totally in language [...] While the so-called Hottentots called themselves Khoikhoi (men of men, i.e. men par excellence), they called those other tribes Sā, the Sonqua of the Cape Records [...] We should apply the term Hottentot to the whole race, and call the two families, each by the native name, that is the one, the Khoikhoi, the so-called Hottentot proper; the other the Sān (Sā) or Bushmen." Theophilus Hahn, Tsuni-||Goam: The Supreme Being to the Khoi-Khoi (1881), p. 3.

[Hottentot-2] "Hottentot, n. and adj." OED Online, Oxford University Press, March 2018, www.oed.com/view/Entry/88829. Accessed 13 May 2018. Citing G. S. Nienaber, 'The origin of the name "Hottentot" ', African Studies, 22:2 (1963), 65–90, DOI:10.1080/00020186308707174. See also Johannes Du Plessis (1917). "Report of the South African Association for the Advancement of Science". ss. 189-193. Erişim tarihi: 5 Temmuz 2010. . Strobel, Christoph (2008). "A Note on Terminology". The Testing Grounds of Modern Empire: The Making of Colonial Racial Order in the American Ohio Country and the South African Eastern Cape, 1770s–1850s. Peter Lang. ISBN 978-1-4331-0123-6. Desmond, Adrian; Moore, James (2014). "Living in Slave Countries". Darwin's Sacred Cause: How a Hatred of Slavery Shaped Darwin's Views on Human Evolution. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. s. 103. ISBN 978-0-547-52775-8. Jeremy I. Levitt, (Ed.) (2015). "Female "things" in international law". Black Women and International Law. Cambridge University Press. s. 291. ISBN 978-1-107-02130-3. "Bring Back the 'Hottentot Venus'". Web.mit.edu. 15 Haziran 1995. 16 Aralık 2020 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 13 Ağustos 2012. "Hottentot". American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language. Fifth. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. 2011. "'Hottentot Venus' goes home". BBC News. 29 Nisan 2002. Erişim tarihi: 13 Ağustos 2017.

[3] Pargeter, Justin; Mackay, Alex; Mitchell, Peter; Shea, John; Stewart, Brian (2016). "Primordialism and the 'Pleistocene San' of southern Africa". Antiquity. 90 (352).

[4] Al-Hindi, Dana R.; Reynolds, Austin W.; Henn, Brenna M. (2022), Grine, Frederick E. (Ed.), "Genetic Divergence Within Southern Africa During the Later Stone Age", Hofmeyr: A Late Pleistocene Human Skull from South Africa (İngilizce), Cham: Springer International Publishing, ss. 19-28, doi:10.1007/978-3-031-07426-4_3, ISBN 978-3-031-07426-42 Ocak 2025

[5] Richards, John F. (2003). "8: Wildlife and Livestock in South Africa". The Unending Frontier: An Environmental History of the Early Modern World. California World History Library. 1. Berkeley, California: University of California Press. s. 296. ISBN 978-0-520-93935-6. Erişim tarihi: 17 Kasım 2016. The nomadic pastoral Khoikhoi kraals were dispersed and their organization and culture broken. However, their successors, the trekboers and their Khoikhoi servants, managed flocks and herds similar to those of the Khoikhois. The trekboers had adapted to African-style, extensive pastoralism in this region. In order to obtain optimal pasture for their animals, early settlers imitated the Khoikhoi seasonal transhumance movements and those observed in the larger wild herbivores.

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