Sammuramat

Sammuramat
Sammuramat
Asur Sarayı'nın Kadını
	Sammuramat'ın 17. yüzyıldan kalma hayali portresi (Semiramis)
Doğum	y. MÖ 850
Ölüm	y. 798 M.Ö. (aged y. 52)
Eş(ler)i	V. Şamşi-Adad
Çocuk(lar)ı	III. Adad-nirari

Sammuramat (Akadca: Sammu-rāmat veya Sammu-ramāt),^[3] ^[b] Şammuramat veya Şamiram olarak da bilinen, ^[4] Neo-Asur İmparatorluğu'nun güçlü bir kraliçesiydi. Kariyerine kral V. Şamşi-Adad'ın ^[c] (h. 824-811) kraliçesi olarak başladı, oğlu III. Adad-nirari'nin (h. 811-783 M.Ö.) saltanatı sırasında alışılmadık derecede önemli bir konuma ulaştı. Kocasının ölümünden sonra kraliçe statüsünü koruyan bilinen tek Asur kraliçesidir ve bir askeri sefere katılan ve hatta belki de öncülük eden bilinen tek antik Asur kadınıdır.

Sammuramat, uzun süredir mitolojik savaşçı-kraliçe ve kahraman Semiramis'in arkasındaki ana ilham kaynağı olarak kabul edilmektedir.^[7]^[8]^[9]^[10]^[11]^[12]

Notlar

^ Though usually used by historians today,^[1] the title of "queen" as such did not exist in the Neo-Assyrian Empire. The feminine version of the word for king (šarrum) was šarratum, but this was reserved for goddesses and foreign queens who ruled in their own right. Because the consorts of the kings did not rule themselves, they were not regarded as their equals and as such not called šarratum. Instead, the term reserved for the primary consort was MUNUS É.GAL (woman of the palace).^[2] In Assyrian, this term was rendered issi ekalli, later abbreviated to sēgallu.^[1]
^ For alternate transliterations and the etymology of the name, see the "name" section
^ Assyrian kings at times had multiple wives at the same time, but not all were recognized as queens (or "women of the palace"). Though it has been disputed in the past,^[1]^[5] it appears that only one woman bore the title at any given time, as the term typically appears without qualifiers (indicating a lack of ambiguity).^[1]
^ "Şamşi-Adad'ın kraliçesi, Evrenin Kralı, Asur Kralı, Adad Nirari'nin annesi, Evrenin Kralı, Asur Kralı, Şalmaneser'in gelini, Dünyanın Dört Bölgesinin Kralı, Şammuramat'ın dikilitaşı" yazılmıştır.^[6]

Kaynakça

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Kertai 2013, s. 109.
^ Spurrier 2017, s. 173.
^ Novotny 2004.
^ Mayor 2014.
^ Spurrier 2017, s. 166.
^ Melville 2014, s. 233.
^ Dalley 2005, s. 11.
^ Novotny 2004, s. 1084.
^ Melville 2014, s. 228.
^ Svärd 2016, s. 130.
^ CDLI.
^ Gera 1997, s. 68.

Kaynaklar

Clancier, Philippe (2014). "Warlike men and invisible women: how scribes in the Ancient Near East represented warfare". Clio: Women, Gender, History. 39 (39): 17-34. doi:10.4000/cliowgh.440. ISSN 2554-3822. 26 Ekim 2022 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi26 Ekim 2022.
Dalley, Stephanie (2005). "Semiramis in History and Legend: a Case Study in Interpretation of an Assyrian Historical Tradition, with Observations on Archetypes in Ancient Historiography, on Euhemerism before Euhemerus, and on the So-called Greek Ethnographie Style". S. Gruen, Erich (Ed.). Cultural Borrowings and Ethnic Appropriations in Antiquity. Stuttgart: Franz Steiner Verlag. ISBN 3-515-08735-4.
Dalley, Stephanie (2013). "The Greek Novel Ninus and Semiramis: Its Background in Assyrian and Seleucid History and Monuments". Whitmarsh, Tim; Thomson, Stuart (Ed.). The Romance between Greece and the East. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-107-03824-0. 26 Ekim 2022 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 26 Ekim 2022.
Fink, Sebastian (2020). "Invisible Mesopotamian royal women?". Carney, Elizabeth D.; Müller, Sabine (Ed.). The Routledge Companion to Women and Monarchy in the Ancient Mediterranean World. Londra: Routledge. ss. 137-148. doi:10.4324/9780429434105-15. ISBN 978-0429434105.
Frahm, Eckart (2017). "The Neo-Assyrian Period (ca. 1000–609 BCE)". E. Frahm (Ed.). A Companion to Assyria. Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-1118325247.
Gansell, Amy Rebecca (2018). "In Pursuit of Neo-Assyrian Queens: An Interdisciplinary Methodology for Researching Ancient Women and Engendering Ancient History". Svärd, Saana; Garcia-Ventura, Agnès (Ed.). Studying Gender in the Ancient Near East. University Park, Pennsylvania: Eisenbrauns. ISBN 978-1575067704.
Gera, Deborah (1997). Warrior Women: The Anonymous Tractatus De Mulieribus. Leiden: BRILL. ISBN 90-04-10665-0. 26 Ekim 2022 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 26 Ekim 2022.
Kertai, David (2013). "The Queens of the Neo-Assyrian Empire". Altorientalische Forschungen. 40 (1): 108-124. doi:10.1524/aof.2013.0006.
Mayor, Adrienne (2014). The Amazons: Lives and Legends of Warrior Women across the Ancient World. Princeton: Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-17027-5. 26 Ekim 2022 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 26 Ekim 2022.
Melville, Sarah C. (2004). "Neo-Assyrian Royal Women and Male Identity: Status as a Social Tool". Journal of the American Oriental Society. 124 (1): 37-57. doi:10.2307/4132152. JSTOR 4132152. 26 Ekim 2022 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi26 Ekim 2022.
Melville, Sarah C. (2014). "Women in Neo-Assyrian texts". Chavalas, Mark W. (Ed.). Women in the Ancient Near East: A Sourcebook. Londra: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-44855-0.
Novotny, Jamie (2004). "Sammu-rāmat or Sammu-ramāt" (PDF). Baker, Heather D. (Ed.). Prosopography of the Neo-Assyrian Empire 3/1. Helsinki: The Neo-Assyrian Text Corpus Project. ss. 1083-1084. ISBN 951-45-9056-2.
"Sammu-rāmat". Cuneiform Digital Library Initiative. 23 Ekim 2014. 15 Nisan 2021 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 19 Ocak 2022.
Spurrier, Tracy L. (2017). "Finding Hama: On the Identification of a Forgotten Queen Buried in the Nimrud Tombs". Journal of Near Eastern Studies. 76 (1): 149-174. doi:10.1086/690911. 17 Haziran 2022 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi26 Ekim 2022.
Svärd, Saana (2016). "Neo-Assyrian Elite Women". Budin, Stephanie Lynn; Turfa, Jean MacIntosh (Ed.). Women in Antiquity: Real Women across the Ancient World. Londra: Routledge. ISBN 978-1-138-80836-2. 26 Ekim 2022 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 26 Ekim 2022.
Tadmor, Hayim (1973). "The Historical Inscriptions of Adad-Nirari III". IRAQ. 35 (2): 141-150. doi:10.2307/4199961. JSTOR 4199961. 26 Ekim 2022 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi26 Ekim 2022.

[3] Though usually used by historians today,^[1] the title of "queen" as such did not exist in the Neo-Assyrian Empire. The feminine version of the word for king (šarrum) was šarratum, but this was reserved for goddesses and foreign queens who ruled in their own right. Because the consorts of the kings did not rule themselves, they were not regarded as their equals and as such not called šarratum. Instead, the term reserved for the primary consort was MUNUS É.GAL (woman of the palace).^[2] In Assyrian, this term was rendered issi ekalli, later abbreviated to sēgallu.^[1]

[5] For alternate transliterations and the etymology of the name, see the "name" section

[8] Assyrian kings at times had multiple wives at the same time, but not all were recognized as queens (or "women of the palace"). Though it has been disputed in the past,^[1]^[5] it appears that only one woman bore the title at any given time, as the term typically appears without qualifiers (indicating a lack of ambiguity).^[1]

[10] "Şamşi-Adad'ın kraliçesi, Evrenin Kralı, Asur Kralı, Adad Nirari'nin annesi, Evrenin Kralı, Asur Kralı, Şalmaneser'in gelini, Dünyanın Dört Bölgesinin Kralı, Şammuramat'ın dikilitaşı" yazılmıştır.^[6]

[FOOTNOTEKertai2013109-1] Kertai 2013, s. 109.

[FOOTNOTESpurrier2017173-2] Spurrier 2017, s. 173.

[FOOTNOTENovotny2004-4] Novotny 2004.

[FOOTNOTEMayor2014-6] Mayor 2014.

[FOOTNOTESpurrier2017166-7] Spurrier 2017, s. 166.

[FOOTNOTEMelville2014233-9] Melville 2014, s. 233.

[FOOTNOTEDalley200511-11] Dalley 2005, s. 11.

[FOOTNOTENovotny20041084-12] Novotny 2004, s. 1084.

[FOOTNOTEMelville2014228-13] Melville 2014, s. 228.

[FOOTNOTESvärd2016130-14] Svärd 2016, s. 130.

[FOOTNOTECDLI-15] CDLI.

[FOOTNOTEGera199768-16] Gera 1997, s. 68.

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