Pipiller
Görünüm

Pipil veya Náhuatlar, günümüz El Salvador'unun batı ve orta bölgelerinde yaşayan, Orta Amerika'ya özgü yerli bir Mezoamerika halk topluluğudur. Daha büyük Nahua etnik grubunun bir alt grubudurlar ve Nikaragua'nın Nicarao halkıyla yakından ilişkilidirler. Orta Meksika'nın Nahuatl dilinden yakından ilişkili ancak farklı bir dil olan Nawat dilini konuşurlar. Nawat dilini konuşan çok az kişi kalmıştır, ancak dili yeniden canlandırmak için çabalar sarf edilmektedir.
Kozmolojileri Toltek, Maya ve Lencalarınkiyle ilişkilidir.[1]

Kaynakça
[değiştir | kaynağı değiştir]- ^ Boland, Roy (17 Ekim 2017). Culture and Customs of El Salvador. Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 9780313306204. Erişim tarihi: 17 Ekim 2017 – Google Books vasıtasıyla.
- ^ Fowler, William R. (1989). The cultural evolution of ancient Nahua civilizations : the Pipil-Nicarao of Central America. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN 0-8061-2197-1. OCLC 19130791.
Bibliyografya
[değiştir | kaynağı değiştir]- Bierhorst, John. The Mythology of Mexico and Central America. William Morrow, New York, 1990. 0-688-11280-3ISBN 0-688-11280-3.
- Carrasco, David, Editor in chief. The Oxford encyclopedia of Mesoamerican cultures: the civilizations of Mexico and Central America, in four volumes. Oxford University Press, New York, 2001. 0-19-510815-9ISBN 0-19-510815-9 (set).
- Campbell, Lyle. (1978). Middle American languages. in L. Campbell & Marianne Mithun (Eds.), The languages of native America: Historical and comparative assessment (pp. 902–1000). Austin: University of Texas Press.
- Campbell, Lyle. (1985). The Pipil language of El Salvador. Mouton grammar library (No. 1). Berlin: Mouton Publishers.
- Campbell, Lyle. (1997). American Indian languages: The historical linguistics of Native America. New York: Oxford University Press. 0-19-509427-1ISBN 0-19-509427-1.
- Chapman, Anne M. (1960). Los nicarao y los chorotega según las fuentes históricas. Publicaciones de la Universidad de Costa Rica, Serie historia y geografía 4. San José: Ciudad Universitaria.
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- Fernández de Oviedo y Valdés, Gonzalo. (1945 [1557]). Historia general y natural de las Indias, Islas y Tierrafirme del mar de Océano. J. Amador de los Ríos (ed). Asunción, Paraguay: Editorial Guaraní.
- Fowler, William R. (1981). The Pipil-Nicarao of Central America. (Unpublished PhD dissertation, Department of Archaeology, University of Calgary).
- Fowler, William R. (1983). La distribución prehistórica e histórica de los pipiles. Mesoamérica, 6, 348-372.
- de Fuentes y Guzmán, Francisco Antonio. (1932–1933 [1695]). Recordación Florida: Discurso historial y demostración natural, material, militar y política del Reyno de Guatemala. J. A. Villacorta, R. A. Salazar, & S. Aguilar (Eds.). Biblioteca "Goathemala" (Vols. 6-8). Guatemala: Sociedad de Geografía e Historia.
- Raymond G. Gordon Jr. (Ed.). (2005). Ethnologue: Languages of the world (15th ed.). Dallas, Texas: SIL International. 1-55671-159-XISBN 1-55671-159-X. (Online version: www.ethnologue.com).
- Ixtlilxochitl, Don Fernando de Alva. (1952 [1600-1611]). Obras históricas de Don Fernando de Alva Ixtlixochitl, publicadas y anotadas pro Alfredo Chavero. Mexico: Editoria Nacional, S.A.
- Jiménez Moreno, Wigberto. (1959). Síntesis de la historia pretoleca de Mesoamérica., Esplendor del México antiguo (Vol. 2, pp. 1019–1108). Mexico.
- Jiménez Moreno, Wigberto. (1966). Mesoamerica before the Tolteca. In J. Paddock (Ed.), Ancient Oaxaca (pp. 4–82). Stanford: Stanford University Press.
- Lastra de Suarez, Yolanda. 1986. Las áreas dialectales del náhuatl modern. Mexico: Instituto de Investigaciones Antropológicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México.
- Lehmann, Walter. (1920). Zentral-Amerika. Berlin: Dietrich Reimer.
- Miguel León-Portilla. (1972). Religión de los nicaraos: Análisis y comparación de tradiciones culturales Nahua. Mexico: Instituto de Investigaciones Históricas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México.
- Squier, Ephraim George (1858). The States of Central America: Their Geography, Topography, Climate, Population, Resources, Productions, Commerce, Political Organization, Aborigines, etc., etc., Comprising Chapters on Honduras, San Salvador, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Guatemala, Belize, the Bay Islands, the Mosquito Shore, and the Honduras Inter-Oceanic Railway. Revised and expanded. New York: Harper & Brothers. OCLC 13436697.
- Stoll, Otto. (1958 [1884]). Zur Ethnographie der Republik Guatemala (Etnografía de Guatemala). Seminaro de Integración Social Guatemalteca publication 8.
- Thompson, J. Eric S. (1948). An archaeological reconnaissance in the Cotzumalhuapa region, Escuintla, Guatemala. Carnegie Institution of Washington, Contributions to American anthropology and history (44). Cambridge, Massachusetts.
- Tilley, Virginia. (2005). Seeing Indians: A Study of Race, Nation and Power in El Salvador. University of New Mexico Press.
- de Torquemada, Fray Juan. (1969 [1615]). Monarquía Indiana. Biblioteca Porrúa (Vols. 41-43). Mexico: Librería Porrúa