Lipan Apaçileri

Lipan Apaçileri, yüzyıllardır Güneybatı ve Güney Ovaları'nda yaşayan Güney Atabask yerli halkı olan Apaçilerin bir koludur. Avrupalılar ve Afrikalılarla temas kurulduğu sırada New Mexico, Colorado, Oklahoma, Teksas^[1] ve kuzey Meksika'da yaşıyorlardı. Tarihsel olarak, Apaçilerin en doğudaki koluydular.^[2]

Lipan Apaçilerinin soyundan gelenler ağırlıklı olarak Teksas, New Mexico, Oklahoma, Arizona ve kuzey Meksika'da yaşamaktadır.^[3]^[4]^[5]^[6] Bazıları federal olarak tanınan üç kabileye kayıtlıdır: New Mexico'daki Mescalero Apaçi Kabilesi, Oklahoma'daki Tonkawa Kızılderili Kabilesi, ve Kiowa Apaçi veya Ova Apaçisi olarak da bilinen Oklahoma Apaçi Kabilesi.^[7]^[8] Ancak Lipan Apaçileri federal olarak tanınan bir kabile değildir.^[7] Ayrıca, Lipan Apaçi soyundan gelenler federal olarak tanınmayan grupların üyeleridir.^[4]^[9]^[10]

Kaynakça

^ Mescalero Apache Research Report (2020), p. 3.
^ Swanton, The Indian Tribes of North America, p. 301
^ "Ypandes Lipan Apache". New Mexico Alliance of Health Councils. Erişim tarihi: December 15, 2024.
^ ^a ^b Caldwell, Robert (September 6, 2024). "Choctaw-Apache Tribe of Ebarb". 64 Parishes (İngilizce). Erişim tarihi: 2024-12-15.
^ "Lipan Tribe: The Mexican Apaches that do not appear in textbooks". Mexico Daily Post (İngilizce). 2022-10-21. Erişim tarihi: 2024-12-15.
^ "Mescalero Apache Tribe 1873-2023" (PDF). nmlegis.gov. November 2, 2023 tarihinde kaynağından (PDF) arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: December 15, 2024.
^ ^a ^b May, Jon D. "Apache, Lipan". The Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture. Erişim tarihi: 26 November 2022.
^ Everett, Dianna. "Apache Tribe of Oklahoma | The Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture". Oklahoma Historical Society | OHS (İngilizce). Erişim tarihi: 2024-12-15.
^ Baddour, Dylan (2 July 2022). ""Labeled 'Hispanic'"". Texas Observer. Erişim tarihi: 23 November 2022.
^ McElfresh, Amanda (2023-05-28). "Coco Tribe welcomes Lafayette Parish's renewed interest in heritage and traditions during bicentennial year". The Advocate (İngilizce). Erişim tarihi: 2024-12-15.
^ "Lipan Tribe: The Mexican Apaches that do not appear in textbooks". Mexico Daily Post (İngilizce). 2022-10-21. Erişim tarihi: 2024-12-15.

Bibliyografya

Dunn, William Edward (January 1911). "Apache Relations in Texas, 1718–1750". The Quarterly of the Texas State Historical Association. 14 (3): 198–27228 November 2022.
"Mescalero Apache Research Report" (PDF). Texas Histories. Texas Department of Transportation. July 2020. Erişim tarihi: 26 November 2022.
Swanton, John R. (2003). The Indian Tribes of North America. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution. ISBN 978-0-806317304.

İleri okumalar

Carlisle, JD. Dissertation. "Spanish Relations with the Apache Nations East of the Rio Grande". The University of North Texas, May 2001
Dunn, William E. "Missionary activities among the eastern Apaches previous to the founding of the San Sabá missions." Texas State Historical Association Quarterly, 15.
Dunn, William E. "The Apache mission on the San Sabá River, its founding and its failure." Texas State Historical Association Quarterly, 16.
Opler, Morris E. (1936). "The kinship systems of the southern Athabaskan-speaking tribes." American Anthropologist, 38, 620-633.
Opler, Morris E. (1938). "The use of peyote by the Carrizo and the Lipan Apache." American Anthropologist, 40 (2).
Opler, Morris E. (1940). Myths and legends of the Lipan Apache. Memoirs of the American Folk-Lore Society (Vol. 36). New York: American Folk-Lore Society, J. J. Augustin Publisher.
Opler, Morris E. (1945). "The Lipan Apache Death Complex and Its Extensions." Southwestern Journal of Anthropology. 1: 122-141.
Opler, Morris E. (1959). "Component, assemblage, and theme in cultural integration and differentiation." American Anthropologist, 61 (6), 955-964.
Opler, Morris E. (1968). "Remuneration to supernaturals and man in Apachean ceremonialism." Ethnology, 7 (4), 356-393.
Opler, Morris E. (1975). "Problems in Apachean cultural history, with special reference to the Lipan Apache." Anthropological Quarterly, 48 (3), 182-192.
Opler, Morris E. (2001). Lipan Apache. In Handbook of North American Indians: The Plains (pp. 941–952). Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution.

[marr32-1] Mescalero Apache Research Report (2020), p. 3.

[swanton3012-2] Swanton, The Indian Tribes of North America, p. 301

[:1-3] "Ypandes Lipan Apache". New Mexico Alliance of Health Councils. Erişim tarihi: December 15, 2024.

[:0-4] Caldwell, Robert (September 6, 2024). "Choctaw-Apache Tribe of Ebarb". 64 Parishes (İngilizce). Erişim tarihi: 2024-12-15.

[5] "Lipan Tribe: The Mexican Apaches that do not appear in textbooks". Mexico Daily Post (İngilizce). 2022-10-21. Erişim tarihi: 2024-12-15.

[6] "Mescalero Apache Tribe 1873-2023" (PDF). nmlegis.gov. November 2, 2023 tarihinde kaynağından (PDF) arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: December 15, 2024.

[ohs-7] May, Jon D. "Apache, Lipan". The Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture. Erişim tarihi: 26 November 2022.

[8] Everett, Dianna. "Apache Tribe of Oklahoma | The Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture". Oklahoma Historical Society | OHS (İngilizce). Erişim tarihi: 2024-12-15.

[observer-9] Baddour, Dylan (2 July 2022). ""Labeled 'Hispanic'"". Texas Observer. Erişim tarihi: 23 November 2022.

[:2-10] McElfresh, Amanda (2023-05-28). "Coco Tribe welcomes Lafayette Parish's renewed interest in heritage and traditions during bicentennial year". The Advocate (İngilizce). Erişim tarihi: 2024-12-15.

[11] "Lipan Tribe: The Mexican Apaches that do not appear in textbooks". Mexico Daily Post (İngilizce). 2022-10-21. Erişim tarihi: 2024-12-15.

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g t d Apaçiler
Gruplar	Chiricahua Jicarilla Lipan Mescalero Mimbreños Plains Salinero Batı Apaçileri Tonto
Kabileler	Apache Tribe of Oklahoma Fort Sill Apache Tribe Fort McDowell Yavapai Nation Jicarilla Apache Nation Mescalero Apache Tribe San Carlos Apache Tribe Tonto Apache Tribe White Mountain Apache Tribe Yavapai Apache Nation
Diğer başlıklar	Apache Wars Apacheria Language

g t d Teksas'ın yerli halkları
Federal olarak tanınan kabileler	Alabama–Coushatta Kickapoo Traditional Tribe Ysleta del Sur Pueblo
Diğer kabileler	Absentee-Shawnee Tribe of Indians of Oklahoma Alabama-Quassarte Tribal Town Apache Tribe of Oklahoma Caddo Nation of Oklahoma Cherokee Nation Choctaw Nation of Oklahoma Comanche Nation Coushatta Tribe of Louisiana Delaware Nation
Yerel diller	Araname^† Atacapan^† Borrado^† Caddo^† Coahuiltecan^† Cotoname^† Garzan^† Pakawan^† Solano^† Tamaulipecan^† Tanpachoan^† Tiwa Tonkawan^† Wichita^†
Teksas'ın Tarihi Yerli Halkları (Birçoğu bugün Oklahoma'da yaşamaktadır)	Adai^≠ Anxau^≠ Apaçiler (Lipan Apaçileri^°, Querecho^><) Aranama^≠ Atakapa^≠ (Akokna, Akokisa, Bidai, Deadose) Caddo^* (Eyeish, Hasinai, Hainai, Kadohadacho, Nabedache, Nabiti, Nacogdoche, Nacono, Nadaco, Nanatsoho, Lower Nasoni, Neche, Nechaui) Cherokee, Texas^°* Coahuiltecan^≠ (Ervipiame, Pajalat, Payaya, Sijame, Xarames) Comanche^* Kiowa^* Decose^≠ Emet^≠ Jumanos^≠ Karankawa^≠ (Copano^≠) Kohani^≠ Mayeye^≠ Pachal^≠ Pacoa^≠ Paguame^≠ Pampopa^≠ Papanac^≠ Pastia^≠ Pasxa^≠ Patiri^≠ Pulacuam^≠ Sana^≠ Saracuam^≠ Semonam^≠ Tamique^≠ Teyas^° Tilijae Tomoacas Tonkawa^* Wichita and Affiliated Tribes^* (Kichai, Taovaya, Tawakoni, Waco, Wichita proper) Yojuane^≠
İlgili maddeler	Sam Houston and Native American relations
^† soyu tükenmiş dil / ^≠ soyu tükenmiş kabile / ^>< early, obsolete name of Indigenous tribe / ^° başka kabile(ler)e karışan insanlar / ^*bugün merkezi Oklahoma'da bulunmaktadır.

g t d Meksika'nın yerli halkları
100.000'den fazla kişi	Chinantec Chʼol Huastec Maya Mazahua Mazatec Mixe Mikstek Nahua Otomi Purépecha Rarámuri Tlapanec Totonak Tzeltal Tzotzil Zapotek
20.000 – 100.000 kişi	Amuzgo Chatino Chontal Mayaları Cora Cuicatec Huave Mam Mayo Popoluca Tepehuán Tojolabal Triqui Wixarika Yaqui Zoque
1,000 – 20,000 kişi	Akatek Chichimeca Jonaz Chocho Chuj Guarijio Jakaltek Lacandon Matlatzinca Mexicanero Ocuiltec Pame Pima Bajo Qʼanjobʼal Qʼeqchiʼ Tacuate Tepehua
1.000'den az kişi	Awakatek Chiricahua Cochimí Cucapá Ixcatecos Ixil Kaqchikel Kʼicheʼ Kikapú Kiliwa Kumiai Lipán Mezcalero Motozintleco Opata Paipai Seri Teko Tohono Oʼodham Batı Apaçileri