Bireyci anarşizm

Bireyci anarşizm, farklı geleneklerden oluşan bireyci anarşizm^[1] bireysel bilincin ve bireysel çıkarın, herhangi bir kolektif organ ya da kamu otoritesi tarafından engellenmemesi gerektiğine inanır.^[2]

Bireyci anarşizm, sosyal, sosyalist, kollektivist, komünalist akımların ortak mülkiyet düşüncesine karşı mülkiyetin bireylerin elinde bulunması savunur.^[3] Bazı önemli temsilcileri: Henry David Thoreau,^[4] Josiah Warren ve Murray Rothbard'dır. Ayrıca genelde William Godwin'de bireyci anarşist olarak değerlendirilir.^[5] Godwin, yardımseverlik düşüncesini savunurken bunun yanında her bireyin, kendi emek ve mülkiyeti üzerinde bireysel söz hakkını dile getirmiş ve sonunda ortadan kalkmasıyla sonuçlanacak olan hükûmetin zamanla küçülmesine yol açacak ilerlemeci akılcılığa inanmıştır.

Max Stirner ise bu felsefede tanınmış isimlerinden biri olarak ayrıca ilk bireyci anarşisttir.^[6] Stirner'ın felsefesi bireyci anarşizmin egoist formudur; ona göre tanrı, devlet, ahlak kuralları ve toplumu dikkate almadan^[7] istediği gibi eyleyen bireyin, toplum üyelerine karşı hiçbir sorumluluğu yoktur.^[8] Stirner'a göre haklar insan aklındaki korkulardır ve toplum denen şey yoktur; “bireyler onun gerçekliğidir” Mülkiyeti haklarla değil, güç ve kudretle sahip olunan varlıklar olarak görür.^[9] Stirner merhametsizliğe saygının gösterileceği egoistler birliğini insanları bir araya getirecek örgütlenme modeli olarak görür.^[10]

Daha az radikal olmak üzere^[11] farklı bir bireyci anarşizm türü, Boston anarşistleri'nce savunuldu. Bunlar, serbest piyasa ve özel mülkiyeti destekliyorlardı.^[12] Özgürlüğün ve mülkiyetin korunmasını özel sözleşmelerle sağlama taraftarıydılar.^[13] Bunun yanında emeğin, maaş karşılığı takasını öngörüyorlardı,^[14] buna rağmen devlet tekelinde kapitalizmin (devlet garantisinde tekel olarak tanımlanır^[15]^[15]) emeğin karşılığını sağlamayacağı uyarısını da yapıyorlardı.

19 yüzyılda dahi Amerikalı bireyciler arasında çeşitli konularda görüş ayrılıkları ortaya çıkmıştı ve bu yüzden bireyci anarşizm açısından belirli bir teoriden bahsetmek mümkün görünmemektedir. Örneğin Tucker entelektüel mülkiyet haklarına karşı çıkarken; Spooner desteklemekteydi^[16] Tucker sadece kullanıldığı sürece toprak mülkiyetini savunurken, Byington ve Spooner mülkiyet konusunda bu tür bir kısıtlamadan bahsetmiyordu.^[17]^[18]

Önemli bir ayrışma, 19. yüzyılda Tucker ve bazı başka anarşistler, doğal haklar düşüncesini terk edip, Stirner'in felsefesi ışığında "egoizm"i benimsediklerinde görüldü.^[19]^[20] Bu yüzyılın ardından “bireyci anarşizmin doruk dönemi kapandı”^[21] Fakat, bireyci anarşizm, daha sonra Murray Rothbard ve 20. yüzyılın ortalarında anarko kapitalislerce daha geniş bir çerçevede özgürlükçü hareket akımlarından biri olarak çeşitli değişikliklerle benimsendi.^[22]^[23]

Bireyci Anarşistler

Kaynakça

^ Ward, Colin. Anarchism: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford University Press, 2004, p. 2
^ Heywood, Andrew, Key Concepts in Politics, Palgrave, ISBN 0-312-23381-7, 2000, p. 46
^ Freeden, Micheal. Ideologies and Political Theory: A Conceptual Approach. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-829414-X. pp. 314
^ Johnson, Ellwood. The Goodly Word: The Puritan Influence in America Literature, Clements Publishing, 2005, p. 138: "…a political theory that has usually been named 'anarchist individualism'…The theory, however, does not advocate anarchism in the sense, for example, of the destruction of institutions; its purpose is only description. Emersonian and Thoreauavian anarchism does not call for any specifiable program of rebellion or destruction of social institutions, but merely asserts one abiding truth…" Encyclopaedia of the Social Sciences, edited by Edwin Robert Anderson Seligman, Alvin Saunders Johnson, 1937, p. 12: "The noblest and most eloquent statement of this essentially anarchist individualism came a generation later in Thoreau's essay on Civil Disobedience" Bool, Henry, Henry Bool's Apology for His Jeffersonian Anarchism 26 Eylül 2007 tarihinde Wayback Machine sitesinde arşivlendi., 1901: "I am a believer in the doctrines of the individualistic school of Anarchists, to which Garrison, Emerson, Proudhon, Thoreau, Spooner, Andrews, Warren and Tucker belong."
^ Woodcock, George. 2004. Anarchism: A History Of Libertarian Ideas And Movements. Broadview Press. p. 20
^ Leopold, David (22 Ekim 2019). "Max Stirner". Zalta, Edward N. (Ed.). Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
^ Miller, David. "anarchism." 1987. The Blackwell Encyclopaedia of Political Thought. Blackwell Publishing. p 11
^ Heider, Ulrike. Anarchism: Left, Right and Green, San Francisco: City Lights Books, 1994, pp. 95-96
^ "What my might reaches is my property; and let me claim as property everything I feel myself strong enough to attain, and let me extend my actual property as fas as I entitle, that is, empower myself to take…" In Ossar, Michael. 1980. Anarchism in the Dramas of Ernst Toller. SUNY Press. p. 27
^ Woodcock. George. 2004. Anarchism: A History of Libertarian Ideas and Movements. Broadview Press. p 20
^ Levy, Carl. Anarchism. Microsoft® Encarta® Online Encyclopedia 2007. http://uk.encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761568770_1/Anarchism.html 9 Mayıs 2008 tarihinde Wayback Machine sitesinde arşivlendi.
^ "Anarchism is a word without meaning, unless it includes the liberty of the individual to control his product or whatever his product has brought him through exchange in a free market - that is, private property. Whoever denies private property is of necessity an Archist." "ANARCHISM AND PROPERTY", by Benjamin Tucker in "The New Freewoman", November 15 1913
^ Benjamin Tucker, "defense is a service like any other service; that it is labor both useful and desired, and therefore an economic commodity subject to the law of supply and demand; that in a free market this commodity would be furnished at the cost of production; that, competition prevailing, patronage would go to those who furnished the best article at the lowest price; that the production and sale of this commodity are now monopolized by the State; and that the State, like almost all monopolists, charges exorbitant prices" "Instead of a Book" (1893)
"Anarchism does not exclude prisons, officials, military, or other symbols of force. It merely demands that non-invasive men shall not be made the victims of such force. Anarchism is not the reign of love, but the reign of justice. It does not signify the abolition of force-symbols but the application of force to real invaders." Tucker, Benjamin. Liberty October 19 1891.
^ Tucker, Benjamin. Labor and Its Pay 7 Nisan 2005 tarihinde Wayback Machine sitesinde arşivlendi., from Individual Liberty: Selections from the Writings of Benjamin T. Tucker
^ ^a ^b Schwartzman, Jack. Ingalls, Hanson, and Tucker: Nineteenth-Century American Anarchists. American Journal of Economics and Sociology, Vol. 62, No. 5 (November, 2003). p. 325
^ Spooner, Lysander. The Law of Intellectual Property 24 Mayıs 2014 tarihinde Wayback Machine sitesinde arşivlendi.
^ Carl Watner. Benjamin Tucker and His Periodical 27 Kasım 2007 tarihinde Wayback Machine sitesinde arşivlendi. (868 KiB), Liberty. Journal of Libertarian Studies, Vol. 1, No. 4, p. 308
^ Watner, Carl. Spooner Vs. Liberty 12 Kasım 2013 tarihinde Wayback Machine sitesinde arşivlendi. (1.20 MiB) in The Libertarian Forum. March 1975. Volume VII, No 3. ISSN 0047-4517. pp. 5-6.
^ Watner, Carl. 1977. "Benjamin Tucker and His Periodical, Liberty." Journal of Libertarian Studies
^ Brooks, Frank H. 1994. The Individualist Anarchists: An Anthology of Liberty (1881-1908). Transaction Publishers. p. 75.
^ Avrich, Paul. 2006. Anarchist Voices: An Oral History of Anarchism in America. AK Press. p. 6
^ Levy, Carl. Anarchism 9 Mayıs 2008 tarihinde Wayback Machine sitesinde arşivlendi.. Microsoft Encarta Online Encyclopedia 2007.
^ Miller, David. Anarchism. The Blackwell Encyclopaedia of Political Thought 1987. p. 11

[1] Ward, Colin. Anarchism: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford University Press, 2004, p. 2

[2] Heywood, Andrew, Key Concepts in Politics, Palgrave, ISBN 0-312-23381-7, 2000, p. 46

[3] Freeden, Micheal. Ideologies and Political Theory: A Conceptual Approach. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-829414-X. pp. 314

[4] Johnson, Ellwood. The Goodly Word: The Puritan Influence in America Literature, Clements Publishing, 2005, p. 138: "…a political theory that has usually been named 'anarchist individualism'…The theory, however, does not advocate anarchism in the sense, for example, of the destruction of institutions; its purpose is only description. Emersonian and Thoreauavian anarchism does not call for any specifiable program of rebellion or destruction of social institutions, but merely asserts one abiding truth…" Encyclopaedia of the Social Sciences, edited by Edwin Robert Anderson Seligman, Alvin Saunders Johnson, 1937, p. 12: "The noblest and most eloquent statement of this essentially anarchist individualism came a generation later in Thoreau's essay on Civil Disobedience" Bool, Henry, Henry Bool's Apology for His Jeffersonian Anarchism 26 Eylül 2007 tarihinde Wayback Machine sitesinde arşivlendi., 1901: "I am a believer in the doctrines of the individualistic school of Anarchists, to which Garrison, Emerson, Proudhon, Thoreau, Spooner, Andrews, Warren and Tucker belong."

[5] Woodcock, George. 2004. Anarchism: A History Of Libertarian Ideas And Movements. Broadview Press. p. 20

[SEP-Stirner-6] Leopold, David (22 Ekim 2019). "Max Stirner". Zalta, Edward N. (Ed.). Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.

[7] Miller, David. "anarchism." 1987. The Blackwell Encyclopaedia of Political Thought. Blackwell Publishing. p 11

[8] Heider, Ulrike. Anarchism: Left, Right and Green, San Francisco: City Lights Books, 1994, pp. 95-96

[9] "What my might reaches is my property; and let me claim as property everything I feel myself strong enough to attain, and let me extend my actual property as fas as I entitle, that is, empower myself to take…" In Ossar, Michael. 1980. Anarchism in the Dramas of Ernst Toller. SUNY Press. p. 27

[10] Woodcock. George. 2004. Anarchism: A History of Libertarian Ideas and Movements. Broadview Press. p 20

[11] Levy, Carl. Anarchism. Microsoft® Encarta® Online Encyclopedia 2007. http://uk.encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761568770_1/Anarchism.html 9 Mayıs 2008 tarihinde Wayback Machine sitesinde arşivlendi.

[12] "Anarchism is a word without meaning, unless it includes the liberty of the individual to control his product or whatever his product has brought him through exchange in a free market - that is, private property. Whoever denies private property is of necessity an Archist." "ANARCHISM AND PROPERTY", by Benjamin Tucker in "The New Freewoman", November 15 1913

[13] Benjamin Tucker, "defense is a service like any other service; that it is labor both useful and desired, and therefore an economic commodity subject to the law of supply and demand; that in a free market this commodity would be furnished at the cost of production; that, competition prevailing, patronage would go to those who furnished the best article at the lowest price; that the production and sale of this commodity are now monopolized by the State; and that the State, like almost all monopolists, charges exorbitant prices" "Instead of a Book" (1893)
"Anarchism does not exclude prisons, officials, military, or other symbols of force. It merely demands that non-invasive men shall not be made the victims of such force. Anarchism is not the reign of love, but the reign of justice. It does not signify the abolition of force-symbols but the application of force to real invaders." Tucker, Benjamin. Liberty October 19 1891.

[14] Tucker, Benjamin. Labor and Its Pay 7 Nisan 2005 tarihinde Wayback Machine sitesinde arşivlendi., from Individual Liberty: Selections from the Writings of Benjamin T. Tucker

[sch-15] Schwartzman, Jack. Ingalls, Hanson, and Tucker: Nineteenth-Century American Anarchists. American Journal of Economics and Sociology, Vol. 62, No. 5 (November, 2003). p. 325

[16] Spooner, Lysander. The Law of Intellectual Property 24 Mayıs 2014 tarihinde Wayback Machine sitesinde arşivlendi.

[17] Carl Watner. Benjamin Tucker and His Periodical 27 Kasım 2007 tarihinde Wayback Machine sitesinde arşivlendi. (868 KiB), Liberty. Journal of Libertarian Studies, Vol. 1, No. 4, p. 308

[18] Watner, Carl. Spooner Vs. Liberty 12 Kasım 2013 tarihinde Wayback Machine sitesinde arşivlendi. (1.20 MiB) in The Libertarian Forum. March 1975. Volume VII, No 3. ISSN 0047-4517. pp. 5-6.

[19] Watner, Carl. 1977. "Benjamin Tucker and His Periodical, Liberty." Journal of Libertarian Studies

[20] Brooks, Frank H. 1994. The Individualist Anarchists: An Anthology of Liberty (1881-1908). Transaction Publishers. p. 75.

[21] Avrich, Paul. 2006. Anarchist Voices: An Oral History of Anarchism in America. AK Press. p. 6

[22] Levy, Carl. Anarchism 9 Mayıs 2008 tarihinde Wayback Machine sitesinde arşivlendi.. Microsoft Encarta Online Encyclopedia 2007.

[23] Miller, David. Anarchism. The Blackwell Encyclopaedia of Political Thought 1987. p. 11

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g t d Anarşizm
Siyaset serisi
Gelenekler	Anarşist komünizm • Anarko-feminizm • Anarko-sendikalizm • Bireyci anarşizm • Dayanışmacı sendikacılık • Agorizm • Hristiyan anarşizmi • Kolektivist anarşizm • Anarko-kapitalizm • Yeşil anarşizm • Anarko-ilkelcilik • İsyancı anarşizm • Postyapısalcı anarşizm • Sıfatsız anarşizm • Kripto anarşizm
Anarşistler	Adolph Fischer (1858–1887) • Aleksandros Grigoropulos (1993–2008) • Alexander Berkman (1870–1936) • Alfredo M. Bonanno (1937– ) • Anselmo Lorenzo (1841–1914) • Auguste Vaillant (1861–1894) • Benjamin Tucker (1854–1939) • Bhagat Singh (1907–1931) • Sacco ve Vanzetti (1888–1927) • Buenaventura Durruti (1896–1936) • Carlo Cafiero (1846–1892) • Carlo Giuliani (1978–2001) • Colin Ward (1924–2010) • Daniel Guérin (1904–1988) • Dyer Lum (1839–1893) • Edward Abbey (1927–1989) • Élisée Reclus (1830–1905) • Émile Armand (1872–1963) • Emile Henry (1872–1894) • Émile Pouget (1860–1931) • Emma Goldman (1869–1940) • Errico Malatesta (1853–1932) • Ettore Aguggini (1902–1929) • Fernand Pelloutier (1867–1901) • Ferdinando Nicola Sacco (1891–1927) • Francisco Ascaso Abadía (1901–1936) • Gaetano Bresci (1869–1901) • Gün Zileli (1946– ) • Henry David Thoreau (1817–1862) • Jacques Ellul (1912–1994) • Jaroslav Hašek (1883–1923) • Johann Joseph Most(1846–1906) • John Zerzan (1943– ) • Joseph Déjacque (1821–1864) • Juan García Oliver (1901–1980) • Jules Bonnot (1876–1912) • Karim Landais (1980–2005) • Leon Czolgosz (1873–1901) • Lev Tolstoy (1828–1910) • Lucy Parsons (1853–1942) • Luigi Fabbri (1877–1935) • Luigi Galleani (1861–1931) • Lysander Spooner (1808–1887) • Marius Jacob (1879–1954) • Max Stirner (1806–1856) • Mikhail Bakunin (1814–1876) • Murray Bookchin (1921–2006) • Murray Rothbard (1926–1995) • Nestor Mahno (1888–1934) • Noam Chomsky (1928– ) • Paul Avrich (1931– 2006) • Pyotr Kropotkin (1842–1921) • Pierre-Joseph Proudhon (1809–1865) • Ravachol (1859–1892) • Sante Geronimo Caserio (1873–1894) • Sébastien Faure (1858–1942) • Ugo Fedeli (1898–1964) • Volin (1882–1945) • Voltairine de Cleyre (1866–1912) • William Godwin (1756–1836)
Tarihte anarşizm	Anarşist komünler listesi • Haymarket Olayı • Paris Komünü • Meksika Devrimi • Alman Devrimi • Mahnovşçina harekatı • İspanya Devrimi • 22 Mart Hareketi • 68 Mayıs'ı • Barut Komplosu • Birinci Enternasyonal
Anarşist teori	Anarşist ekonomi • Anarşizm ve kapitalizm • Anarşizm ve Marksizm • Anarşist hukuk • Anarşist sembolizm • Karşılıklı yardımlaşma • Özyönetim • Post-sol anarşizm • Toplumsal devrim
Kültür ve anarşizm	Anarşizm • Anarşizm ve din • Anarşizm ve toplum • Anarşizm ve sanat • Anarko punk
Ülkelere göre anarşizm	Türkiye'de anarşizm

g t d Liberteryenizm
Kökeni ve Tarihi	Aydınlanma Çağı Aristotelesçilik Klasik liberalizm
Düşünceler	Anti-devletçilik Antimilitarizm Karşı ekonomi Saldırmazlık ilkesi Egaliteryanizm Savaş karşıtı hareket Yargılama etiği Lokalizm Kripto-anarşizm Gönüllü toplum Serbest piyasa çevreciliği Bireycilik Özgür toplum Vergi direnci Anti-oylama Kişisel değer kuramı Devletsiz toplum Spontan düzen Doğal haklar Özgürlük Birey Özgür irade Ekonomik özgürlük Serbest ticaret Örgütlenme özgürlüğü Çevrecilik Sınırlı devlet Serbest piyasa Sözleşme özgürlüğü
Okullar	Anarko-kapitalizm Agorizm Minarşizm Voluntarizm Sol liberteryenizm Bireyci anarşizm Serbest piyasa anarşizmi Geoliberteryenizm Yeşil liberteryenizm Sağ liberteryenizm Kanayan kalpler liberteryenizmi Avusturya liberteryenizmi Hristiyan liberteryenizm Doğal haklar liberteryenizmi Neo-liberteryenizm Paleoliberteryenizm Teknoliberteryenizm
Düşünürler	Ayn Rand Benjamin Tucker David D. Friedman Friedrich August von Hayek Frédéric Bastiat Hans-Hermann Hoppe Henry David Thoreau Henry George Herbert Spencer John Stuart Mill Josiah Warren Karl Hess Lysander Spooner Ludwig von Mises Milton Friedman Murray Rothbard Robert Nozick Roderick T. Long Samuel Edward Konkin III Walter Block
İlişkili konular	Sivil liberteryenizm Sivil sosyoteryenizm Liberteryen bilimkurgu Liberteryen transhümanizm Liberteryen hip hop Objektivizm