Frits Zernike

Frits Zernike
Frits Zernike
	Frits Zernike (1888-1966)
Doğum	Frits Zernike; 16 Temmuz 1888; Amsterdam, Hollanda
Ölüm	10 Mart 1966 (77 yaşında); Amersfoort, Hollanda
Milliyet	Hollanda
Vatandaşlık	Hollanda
Mezun olduğu okul(lar)	Amsterdam Üniversitesi
Ödüller	Rumford Madalyası (1952); Nobel Fizik Ödülü (1953)
Kariyeri
Dalı	Fizik
Çalıştığı kurumlar	Groningen Üniversitesi
Doktora öğrencileri	Christoffel Bouwkamp; Herman de Boer; Bernard Nijboer
Etkilendikleri	Jacobus Cornelius Kapteyn

Frits Zernike (d. 16 Temmuz 1888 - ö. 10 Mart 1966), 1953 yılında kendi buluşu olan Faz kontrast mikroskobu ile Nobel Fizik Ödülü'nü kazanan Hollandalı fizikçi. Keşfettiği mikroskop iç hücre yapısını incelerken, hücreleri boyalama yaparak öldürmeden rahatça çalışılmasına olanak sağlar.

Biyografi

Zernike, Hollanda Amsterdam'da Carl Frederick ve Antje Dieperink'in çocuğu olarak dünyaya geldi. Anne ve babası matematik öğretmeni olan Zernike, özellikle babasının fiziğe karşı olan tutkusunu paylaştı. Amsterdam Üniversitesi'nde fizik, kimya ve matematik alanlarında eğitim gördü. 1912 yılında gazlardaki opalleşme (yanardönerlik) üzerine yaptığı çalışmalar için bir ödül aldı. 1913 yılında Groningen Üniversitesi astronomik laboratuvarında, Jacobus Cornelius Kapteyn'in asistanı oldu. 1914 yılında Leonard Salomon Ornstein ile birlikte Ornstein-Zernike denklemi'nin türetilmesinde teorik olarak kritik rol oynadı. 1915 yılında, aynı üniversitede teorik fizik alanında bir pozisyon elde etti ve 1920 yılında teorik fizik profesörlüğüne terfi etti.

Kaynakça

g t d Nobel Fizik Ödülü sahipleri
1901-1925	Wilhelm Röntgen (1901) Hendrik Lorentz / Pieter Zeeman (1902) Henri Becquerel / Pierre Curie / Marie Curie (1903) John William Strutt (1904) Philipp Lenard (1905) J. J. Thomson (1906) Albert Michelson (1907) Gabriel Lippmann (1908) Guglielmo Marconi / Ferdinand Braun (1909) Johannes Diderik van der Waals (1910) Wilhelm Wien (1911) Gustaf Dalén (1912) Heike Kamerlingh Onnes (1913) Max von Laue (1914) Lawrence Bragg / William Bragg (1915) Charles Barkla (1917) Max Planck (1918) Johannes Stark (1919) Charles Édouard Guillaume (1920) Albert Einstein (1921) Niels Bohr (1922) Robert A. Millikan (1923) Manne Siegbahn (1924) James Franck / Gustav Hertz (1925)
1926-1950	Jean Perrin (1926) Arthur Compton / Charles Wilson (1927) Owen Richardson (1928) Louis de Broglie (1929) C. V. Raman (1930) Werner Heisenberg (1932) Erwin Schrödinger / Paul Dirac (1933) James Chadwick (1935) Victor Hess / Carl Anderson (1936) Clinton Davisson / George Thomson (1937) Enrico Fermi (1938) Ernest Lawrence (1939) Otto Stern (1943) Isidor Isaac Rabi (1944) Wolfgang Pauli (1945) Percy Bridgman (1946) Edward Appleton (1947) Patrick Blackett (1948) Hideki Yukava (1949) C. F. Powell (1950)
1951-1975	John Cockcroft / Ernest Walton (1951) Felix Bloch / Edward Purcell (1952) Frits Zernike (1953) Max Born / Walther Bothe (1954) Willis Lamb / Polykarp Kusch (1955) William Shockley / John Bardeen / Walter Brattain (1956) Chen Ning Yang / Tsung-Dao Lee (1957) Pavel Çerenkov / İlya Frank / İgor Tamm (1958) Emilio Segrè / Owen Chamberlain (1959) Donald A. Glaser (1960) Robert Hofstadter / Rudolf Mössbauer (1961) Lev Landau (1962) Eugene Wigner / Maria Goeppert-Mayer / Hans Jensen (1963) Charles Townes / Nikolay Basov / Aleksandr Prohorov (1964) Shin'ichirō Tomonaga / Julian Schwinger / Richard Feynman (1965) Alfred Kastler (1966) Hans Bethe (1967) Luis Alvarez (1968) Murray Gell-Mann (1969) Hannes Alfvén / Louis Néel (1970) Dennis Gabor (1971) John Bardeen / Leon Cooper / Robert Schrieffer (1972) Leo Esaki / Ivar Giaever / Brian Josephson (1973) Martin Ryle / Antony Hewish (1974) Aage Niels Bohr / Ben R. Mottelson / James Rainwater (1975)
1976-2000	Burton Richter / Samuel C. C. Ting (1976) Philip Anderson / Nevill Mott / John Van Vleck (1977) Pyotr Kapitsa / Arno Penzias / Robert Wilson (1978) Sheldon Glashow / Muhammed Abdüsselam / Steven Weinberg (1979) James Cronin / Val Fitch (1980) Nicolaas Bloembergen / Arthur Schawlow / Kai Siegbahn (1981) Kenneth Wilson (1982) Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar / William Fowler (1983) Carlo Rubbia / Simon van der Meer (1984) Klaus von Klitzing (1985) Ernst Ruska / Gerd Binnig / Heinrich Rohrer (1986) Georg Bednorz / Alex Müller (1987) Leon Lederman / Melvin Schwartz / Jack Steinberger (1988) Norman Ramsey / Hans Dehmelt / Wolfgang Paul (1989) Jerome Friedman / Henry Kendall / Richard Taylor (1990) Pierre-Gilles de Gennes (1991) Georges Charpak (1992) Russell Hulse / Joseph Taylor (1993) Bertram Brockhouse / Clifford Shull (1994) Martin Perl / Frederick Reines (1995) David Lee / Douglas Osheroff / Robert Richardson (1996) Steven Chu / Claude Cohen-Tannoudji / William Phillips (1997) Robert Laughlin / Horst Störmer / Daniel Tsui (1998) Gerard 't Hooft / Martinus Veltman (1999) Jores Alfyorov / Herbert Kroemer / Jack Kilby (2000)
2001-günümüz	Eric Cornell / Wolfgang Ketterle / Carl Wieman (2001) Raymond Davis / Masatoshi Koshiba / Riccardo Giacconi (2002) Aleksey Abrikosov / Vitali Ginzburg / Anthony Leggett (2003) David Gross / David Politzer / Frank Wilczek (2004) Roy Glauber / John Hall / Theodor W. Hänsch (2005) John Mather / George Smoot (2006) Albert Fert / Peter Grünberg (2007) Yoichiro Nambu / Makoto Kobayashi / Toshihide Maskawa (2008) Charles Kao / Willard Boyle / George Smith (2009) Andre Geim / Konstantin Novoselov (2010) Saul Perlmutter / Adam Riess / Brian Schmidt (2011) David Wineland / Serge Haroche (2012) François Englert / Peter Higgs (2013) Isamu Akasaki / Hiroshi Amano / Shuji Nakamura (2014) Takaaki Kajita / Arthur B. McDonald (2015) David Thouless / Duncan Haldane / Michael Kosterlitz (2016) Rainer Weiss / Barry Barish / Kip Thorne (2017) Arthur Ashkin / Gérard Mourou / Donna Strickland (2018) Jim Peebles / Michel Mayor / Didier Queloz (2019) Roger Penrose / Reinhard Genzel / Andrea Ghez (2020) Giorgio Parisi / Klaus Hasselmann / Syukuro Manabe (2021) Alain Aspect / John Clauser / Anton Zeilinger (2022) Pierre Agostini / Ferenc Krausz / Anne L'Huillier (2023) John Hopfield / Geoffrey Hinton (2024) John Clarke / Michel Devoret / John M. Martinis (2025)

g t d Rumford Madalyası
1800 - 1850	Benjamin Thompson (1800) John Leslie (1804) William Murdoch (1808) Étienne-Louis Malus (1810) William Charles Wells (1814) Humphry Davy (1816) Augustine Jean Fresnel(1824) John Frederic Daniell (1832) Macedonio Melloni (1834) James David Forbes (1838) Jean-Baptiste Biot (1840) Henry Fox Talbot (1842) Michael Faraday (1846) Henri Victor Regnault (1848) François Arago (1850)
1851 - 1900	George Gabriel Stokes (1852) Neil Arnott (1854) Louis Pasteur (1856) Jules Jamin (1858) James Clerk Maxwell (1860) Gustav Kirchoff (1862) John Tyndall (1864) Hippolyte Fizeau (1866) Balfour Stewart (1868) Alfred Des Cloizeaux (1870) Anders Jonas Ångström (1872) Norman Lockyer (1874) John William Draper (1875) Pierre Janssen (1876) Alfred Cornu (1878) William Huggins (1880) William de Wiveleslie Abney (1882) Robert Thalen (1884) Samuel Langley (1886) Pietro Tacchini (1888) Heinrich Hertz (1890) Nils Christoffer Dunér (1892) James Dewar (1864) Philipp Lenard - Wilhelm Röntgen (1896) Oliver Lodge (1898) Henri Becquerel (1900)
1901 - 1950	Charles Algernon Parsons (1902) Ernest Rutherford (1904) Hugh Longbourne Callendar (1906) Hendrik Lorentz (1908) Heinrich Rubens (1910) Heike Kamerlingh Onnes (1912) John William Strutt (1914) William Bragg (1916) Charles Fabry - Alfred Perot (1918) Robert Strutt (1920) Pieter Zeeman (1922) Charles Vernon Boys (1924) Arthur Schuster (1926) Friedrich Paschen (1928) Peter Debye (1930) Fritz Haber (1931) Wander Johannes de Haas (1934) Ernest George Coker (1936) Robert W. Wood (1938) Manne Siegbahn (1940) Gordon Dobson (1942) Harry Ricardo (1944) Alfred Egerton (1946) Francis Simon (1948) Frank Whittle (1950)
1951 - 2000	Frits Zernike (1952) Cecil Reginald Burch (1954) Frank Philip Bowden (1956) Thomas Ralph Merton (1958) Alfred Gordon Gaydon (1960) Dudley Maurice Newitt (1962) Hendrik van de Hulst (1964) William Penney (1966) Dennis Gabor (1968) Christopher Hinton (1970) Basil John Mason (1972) Alan Cottrell (1974) Ilya Prigogine (1976) George Porter (1978) William Frank Vinen (1980) Charles Gorrie Wynne (1982) Harold Hopkins (1984) Denis Rooke (1986) Felix Weinberg (1988) Walter Eric Spear (1990) Harold Neville Vazeille Temperley (1992) Andrew Keller (1994) Grenville Turner (1996) Richard Friend (1998) Wilson Sibbett (2000)
2001 - günümüz	David King (2002) Richard Dixon (2004) Jean-Pierre Hansen (2006) Edward Hinds (2008) Gilbert George Lonzarich (2010) Roy Taylor (2012) Jeremy Baumberg (2014) Ortwin Hess (2016) Ian Walmsley (2018) Miles Padgett (2019) Patrick Gill (2020) Carlos Frenk (2021) Raymond Pierrehumbert (2022) Polina Bayvel (2023)